prior probability

Three weeks ago, I shared the following three conjectures about Adam Smith’s love life in one of my previous posts: (1) that Adam Smith may have fallen in love upon his return to Kirkcaldy in 1746 after completing his formal studies at Oxford, (2) that his mother Margaret Douglas objected to this proposed union and that Smith acquiesced to his mother’s veto; and (3) that Smith may have carried out an adulterous love affair at some point during his Grand Tour of France. I now wish to add a fourth conjecture as follows:

“… my final conjecture, though perhaps my most tenuous one, is that during an extended stay at Dalkeith House [pictured below] in late 1767, Adam Smith may have carried out a secret and short-lived love affair with the sister of his former pupil Henry Scott, Lady Frances Scott Campbell.[1] Lady Frances, who would have been 17 years old at the time,[2] did not wed until 1783.[3] Of particular relevance to this conjecture is one of the four primary historical sources discussed at length in the next part of this paper: a short and incomplete recollection titled “Smith and Hume in Love”; see subsection “Exhibit C” in Part 2 of the paper, which identifies a “Miss Campbell of _________” as the object of Adam Smith’s romantic affections. Could this same “Miss Campbell” be a veiled reference to none other than Lady Frances; should “Dalkeith” or “Buccleuch” be inserted in the blank line following her name? According to one scholarly source (Bonnyman, 2014, pp. 59-60), Adam Smith resided at Dalkeith House, the Buccleuch family’s principal and recently-refurbished residence in Scotland.[4] Moreover, his stay at Dalkeith House lasted at least two months, from mid-September 1767 to mid-November 1767,[5] and he may have subsequently visited the Buccleuch estates on several occasions.[6] As a result, the possibility of a secret love affair between Doctor Smith and the young Lady Frances is not a far-fetched one.[7]“

[1] Recall that Adam Smith was Henry Scott’s private tutor during their Grand Tour of Europe (early 1764 to late 1766). Edith Kuiper (2013, p. 70) incorrectly identifies Lady Frances as Henry Scott’s elder sister. In fact, Lady Frances was Henry Scott’s youngest sister. See Bonnyman, 2014, p. 1.

[2] See Stuart, 1985, p. 54.

[3] See Alcouffe & Massot-Bordenave, 2020, p. 290. When she married in 1783, at the age of 33, Lady Frances became Lord Archibald Douglas’ second wife. See Rubenstein, 1985, p. 11. As an aside, according to Stuart (1985, p. 59), Lady Frances, upon reaching the age of 21, was entitled to an income from her family of £600 per year. To put this amount in perspective, Adam Smith’s compensation for serving as the Duke’s private tutor and advisor consisted of an annual salary of £300 plus traveling expenses and a pension of £300 a year thereafter. Ross, 2010, p. *.

[4] Dalkeith House or Dalkeith Palace is located only four miles south of Edinburgh, where Smith lived the last 12 years of his life. This neo-classical palace was commissioned and built in the early 18th century and then refurbished in preparation for Henry Scott first visit to Scotland in honor of his reaching the age of majority. See Bonnyman, 2014, p. 10 & pp. 57-58. For an engraving of this palace as it appeared in the early 18th century, see National Library of Scotland, n.d.

[5] For further details regarding Smith’s stay at Dalkeith, see Bonnyman, 2014, pp. 58-59.

[6] See Kuiper, 2013, p. 76, n.14. It is unclear, however, whether Adam Smith ever returned to Dalkeith House following his initial two-month stay in late 1767.

[7] For a biography of Lady Frances written by a contemporary of hers, see Stuart, 1985. See also Rubenstein, 1985. Among other things, Lady Louisa Stuart’s intimate memoire of Lady Frances’ life and circle of family and friends paints a very unflattering picture of Lady Frances’ mother; in addition, Stuart (1985, pp. 45-49) paints Lady Frances’ stepfather as extremely possessive: “unwilling ever to have her out of his sight” (p. 46). Also, Stuart’s memoire (see especially pp. 54 & 58) highlights Lady Frances’ worldliness and awareness of adult double standards. Given these facts, along with Townsend’s sudden death in August of 1767, it is not far-fetched to imagine a fling between an erudite middle-aged Adam Smith and a young, newly-liberated damsel. For a portrait of Lady Frances by Sir Joshua Reynolds when she was still a child, see National Galleries of Scotland, n.d. As a further aside, Lady Frances was an accomplished artist in her own right. For a collection of her works, see Tate, n.d.

No, it’s neither Trump nor Biden, but rather the venerable Gavin Newsom, the deceitful Governor of California. “White privilege,” anyone? (Yes, the Governor of N.Y., Andrew Cuomo, came in a close second.) In any case, Newsom must resign or be removed from office, for when you openly flaunt your own rules, you are not fit to hold public office. Bonus material: Beyond the “bad optics” of this sordid episode, here is a powerful critique of the substance of Newsom’s misguided lockdown order via Dylan Shetler’s excellent Onlookers blog.

Update (11/21): It turns out that Newsom is not the only petite tyrant flaunting his own lame lockdown orders. Hat tip: Tyler Cowen.

Both sets of similar objects pictured below–the mural of palm and plantain trees by Jose Vecino Cintron and the picture containing two actual palm trees–are located in Barceloneta, P.R. on the land parcels of my colleague, co-author, confidant, and best friend for life, Orlando I. Martinez-Garcia.

Check out footnote 82 of the latest draft of my “Adam Smith in Love” paper; also, notice that there are four “baby footnotes” within my main footnote!

“As an aside, to the extent we are unable to reliably or accurately measure a person’s subjective probability of falling in love or getting married with someone, Adam Smith may have been right to describe romantic love as a ‘ridiculous’ passion! Beginning with Frank Ramsey (b. 1903, d. 1930) and Bruno de Finetti (b. 1906, d. 1985), probability theorists have developed a sophisticated method involving hypothetical bets or equivalence lotteries for measuring a person’s true ‘subjective probability’ of the future likelihood of an uncertain event. (See, e.g., Dawid, 2004, pp. 45-46.) Today, this method is sometimes referred to as a ‘de Finetti game’ in honor of Bruno de Finetti. (See, e.g., Aczel, 2004, pp. 21-24; see also Devlin, 2008, pp. 162-164) The concept of subjective probability corresponds to personal beliefs; for example, the subjective probability of event X is simply one’s personal belief or private estimate that event X will or will not occur. (See, e.g., Guerra-Pujol, 2019, p. 16.) In summary, the methods for measuring subjective probability developed by Frank Ramsey and Bruno de Finetti involve converting one’s probability estimate about event X into a wager, but according to one scholar (Aczel, 2004, pp. 23-24, emphasis added), this method ‘tends to fail in matters that are very important to people–for example, love.’ I would like to pursue Amir D. Aczel’s observation further, but such a pursuit would lead me down a Bayesian rabbit hole and distract us from the immediate subject of this paper.”

Amir D. Aczel, Chance: a guide to gambling, love, the stock market, and just about everything else, Thunder’s Mouth Press (2004).

A. P. Dawid, “Probability, causality, and the empirical world,” Statistical Science, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2004), pp. 44-57.

Keith Devlin, The unfinished game: Pascal, Fermat, and the 17th-century letter that made the modern world, Basic Books (2008).

F. E. Guerra-Pujol, “The case for Bayesian judges: putting Posner and Vermuele into practice,” Journal of Legal Metrics, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2019), pp. 13-20.

The illustration pictured below (hat tip: @pickover) shows how ten of the most famous classical music composers drew their “Treble Clef” symbols:

Check out the tropical painting pictured below by Puerto Rican artist Javi Vecino Cintron. Here is his Instagram page.

One of the things I absolutely love about Puerto Rico is the huge amount of musical talent and creativity of her people–eveything from salsa and danzon to pop and reggaeton. Below are two of my favorite musical numbers, “Eso ehh!” and “Rakata,” going back to the years 2005 and 2006:

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5CwVUiRZB4M

Below is another extended excerpt from the most recent version of my “Adam Smith in Love” paper:

*** One remarkable historical source of this aristocratic double standard–chastity and sexual purity for the poor; romance and sexual liberation for the nobility and the nascent bourgeoisie–are the secret records of the Parisian police or Archives de la Prefecture de Police Paris.[1] In summary, one of the very first police forces in the Western world emerged in 18th-century Paris, and one of its units was the Département de femmes galantes, which was devoted to the demimonde, the exclusive fantasy world of elite prostitution.[2] The Département de femmes galantes, which operated from 1747 to 1771, kept detailed records of the activities of Paris’s high-end sex workers or “kept mistresses.”[3]

What does any of this have to do with Adam Smith? Recall that Doctor Smith lived in Paris from late-December 1765 to mid-October 1766. During this time, Smith attended many plays, operas, and musical concerts. John Rae and Ian Simpson Ross–scholars who have produced two of the most comprehensive biographies of Adam Smith–have commented on Adam Smith’s fondness for the opera during his second sojourn in Paris, i.e. Dec. 1765 to Oct. 1766.[4] What Rae and Ross have left out, however, is the fact that these venues were the center of an elite sexual marketplace, the famed dames entretenues or kept women of Paris. (See generally Kushner, 2013.) Famous for their talent, glamour, and beauty, they were the most highly-sought after women of pleasure in all Europe. (Ibid., p. 3.) Also called femmes galantes, “they earned their living by engaging in long-term sexual and often companionate relationships with men from the financial, political, and social elites, known as le monde (high society).” (Ibid.)

This high-end sexual market, the demimonde, was a highly-structured one, and more importantly for this paper, in mid-18th Century Paris the demimonde overlapped directly with the world of the theater.[5] Although not all theater women were kept mistresses or femmes galantes, “[i]t was widely understood that any woman in the Opéra, and to a lesser degree the other theater companies, was a dame entretenue, or at least wanted to be. Most contemporaries assumed that [female] performers took on patrons because they needed the money and because, in the very act of being on the stage, they were already at some level prostituting themselves.”[6] So, why was the theater the center of this high-end sex market? According to Kushner (2013, p. 5), “being on the stage greatly increased what I am calling ‘sexual capital,’ the desirability of a mistress and hence the prices she could command for her services.”[7] In addition, the Paris theater district was teeming with high-end brothels and places of ill-repute.[8]

To sum up, although there is no evidence of Adam Smith himself keeping a mistress–of partaking in the pleasures of the Parisian demimonde–during his ten-month residency in Paris (late-December 1765 to mid-October 1766), by all accounts (especially Rae and Ross) Doctor Smith was moving in elite aristocratic circles during his travels and that some of the “great men” he met and philosophized with during this ten-month sojourn may have been the kind of wealthy and powerful men who would have kept mistresses or who would have had a more “liberal” (in the classical sense of that term) attitude toward love and sex.

[1] See generally Andrew Israel Ross, 2017.

[2] See generally Kushner, 2013.

[3] Ibid.

[4] See, e.g., Rae, 1895, Ch. 14; Ross, 2010, Ch. 13.

[5] Cf. Kushner, 2013, pp. 4-5: “The demimonde overlapped with the world of the opera and theater: “About a fifth of the kept women under police surveillance at midcentury worked in the theater. Most were in the Opéra or its school, as dancers and singers.”

[6] Ibid., p. 31.

[7] Cf. ibid.: “Theater women tended to dominate the top ranks of the dame entretenues in terms of earnings and status.”

[8] Cf. Kushner, 2013, p. 110: “Many brothels were in the center of town, on the rue St. Honoré or nearby, making them convenient for men leaving the Opéra.”