Last week, the commissioner of the National Football League, Roger Goodell, proposed an interesting idea–abolishing the extra point after a touchdown. (As an aside, check out Aaron Gordon’s excellent behavioral analysis of this proposal.) But if we’re going to reform the rules of the game, why not start with the lowly field goal? Specifically, why is the value of a field goal the same (3 points) independent of the length of the field goal attempt? Shouldn’t longer field goal attempts be worth more points than shorter one? In short, why not consider creating a four-point field goal line at the 50-yard line (similar to the three-point line in basketball) so that field goal attempts from beyond the 50-yard line would be worth four instead of just three points?
A relationship in 300 seconds
Are you currently “in a relationship”? If so, what minute or second are you in?
What’s wrong with this map?
That is, what’s wrong with an “upside down” or reverse map of the world? After all, there is no up or down from outer space.
Another application of the Coase Theorem?
The Coase Theorem is the idea that voluntary transactions are an economically efficient way of solving the problem of harmful effects (or “negative externalities” in the patois of professional economics jargon) and that the outcome of such private bargaining is invariant to the assignment of legal rights. But what happens when such voluntary transactions themselves generate both harmful and beneficial effects?
Consider the case of George Monbiot, founder of the fascinating website Arrest Blair, who will award you a hefty bounty if you try to put former British Prime Minister Tony Blair under citizen’s arrest for “crimes against the peace”, i.e. launching a war of aggression in Iraq. So far, the website has paid out over 10,000 British pounds in bounties in connection with the first four attempts to arrest Mr Blair. (The fifth and most recent attempt to arrest Blair is described here.)
Regardless of whether you think Mr Blair is a war criminal or whether the war in Iraq was justified, is this private bounty or subsidy not an economically efficient practice? True, the hassle of a citizen’s arrest and the risk of future symbolic arrests impose a non-trivial cost on Tony Blair, but remember, we are often dealing with a problem of a reciprocal nature, as Professor Ronald Coase himself would say, because allowing Mr Blair to carry on his business as usual imposes a non-trivial mental cost on people like George Monbiot.
Bonus question: why does PayPal block donations to the Arrest Blair website?Hat tip: digg.com
Leaking the leakers
Would you feel any differently about the actions of Edward Snowden, Glenn Greenwald, or Julian Assange if you knew what they really thought? Sean Wilentz, a historian at Princeton University, poses this intriguing question in this exposé in the latest issue of the venerable and left-leaning New Republic. A larger and more difficult question, however, is what role should intent play in law and morality? Should one’s intent or motivation count for something in judging either the ethics or legality of one’s actions? And if so, how much?
Hat tip: digg.com.
What is the probability that a bill in Congress will become law?

Yes, it’s less than 0.01. Hat tip to Ezra Klein, editor of Wonkblog.
What common law rule or general legal principle would you retire?
Res ipsa loquitur? The rule against perpetuities? Sovereign immunity?
Also, what criteria or decision rule would you use in determining which legal rule or principle is ready for retirement?
FYI, these questions are inspired by this year’s Annual Question at the “online salon” edge.org–What scientific idea is ready for retirement? Previous annual questions include “What have you changed your mind about?” and “How is the Internet changing the way you think?” The “retirement question”, however, is an especially contentious and provocative one. As one commentator wrote in last week’s Science Times:
The true currency of science, after all, is not faith or even truth, but doubt. It’s hard to imagine a similar effort coming out of the College of Cardinals or the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. In science, as in democracy, everything has to be up for grabs. When the scientists and other intellectuals stop squabbling, then we will know we are in trouble.

Hat tips to Dennis Overbye for the pointer and xkcd for the cartoon.
Small Sample Size?
Are babies capable of engaging in deception? This study on “fake crying” in babies addresses a fascinating research question–the strategic use of deception by babies to get attention. From the abstract:
Two infants were observed longitudinally. In total, 102 crying episodes were analyzed. The infants displayed negative affect almost always just before starting to cry and soon after crying terminated. However, there were exceptions. Positive affect was observed. These were crying behaviors that the mother identified as “fake crying” or “emergence of fake crying”. These data indicate that, although normally infant affect just before and right after crying is negative, infants also can exhibit positive affect when they show fake crying. Infants who are capable of fake crying might communicate successfully with their caregivers.
So babies are smarter and more devious than they appear. We just wish the sample size were larger than n = 2. Also, as a related question, do babies ever engage in “fake smiling”?
Hat tips to digg.com, BPS Research Digest, and baby Adys Ann.
Every airline flight around the world during a single 24-hour day

Hat tips: Max Fisher; AirTraffic LIVE (Zurcher Hochschule school of Engineering).
Map of Manhattan Island
New York City, the city that never sleeps, is one of the greatest cities in the world, especially the Island of Manhattan, but what is your favorite neighborhood in the City? (According to the map below, there are over 40 separate neighborhoods in Manhattan alone.) Also, what criteria would you use in deciding what your favorite area of the City is?

Hat tips: Frank Jacobs.





