Is an immoral promise a paradox or a contradiction?

Have you ever made an “immoral promise,” i.e. have you ever promised to do something wrongful, like tell a lie or steal? (By the way, how does one decide when something is wrongful?) Is such a promise even logically possible; specifically, is an immoral promise a paradox or a contradiction? Here is an excerpt from our work in progress “Immoral Promises“:

… when the promisor makes an immoral promise, is the promisor under a moral obligation to keep his word? From a logical perspective, there are four possibilities: I. No: no promises are morally binding. II. No: only moral promises are morally binding. III. Yes: all promises, even illegal ones, are morally binding. IV. Yes: only illegal/immoral promises are morally binding.

We can safely ignore option IV, since it is not only paradoxical but also nonsensical. This leaves us options I, II, and III for consideration. Of these remaining logical possibilities, option II appears to be the one that is most likely to be true, but is it? For this option to be true we must have some reliable method of distinguishing between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ promises, moral and immoral ones.

Posted in Ethics, Paradoxes, Philosophy, Questions Rarely Asked | 2 Comments

Metamorphosis

In honor of Cuban Independence Day (20 de mayo).

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The Sith buy out the Jedi

In the fictional world of Star Wars, the Jedi are the good guys; the Sith, the bad guys. The evil Sith use the dark side of the Force to destroy the Jedi Order and to rule the galaxy for themselves. In the academic publishing world, the professors who used to run the Social Science Research Network (SSRN), an open-access repository of research papers, are the Jedi, while the suits that run Elsevier, the world’s largest publisher of academic journals, are the Sith. Like the Mafia of lore, who would sell “protection” to small business owners, Elsevier and other academic publishers make money by charging universities hefty fees for access to the research that the universities themselves produce! Now, Elsevier has announced that it is buying the SSRN platform. In other words, the Jedi have just sold out to the Sith … Does this mean that Elsevier is now moving towards an open-access model, or does this mean that we need to create a new open-access platform for social science research, like RePEc in economics or PhilPapers in philosophy?

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Was Facemash illegal or just unethical?

In our second class (May 19th), we are going to re-enact Mark Zuckerberg’s “Ad Board” hearing at Harvard. (Some background: Before he launched Facebook, Harvard sophomore Mark Zuckerburg created a website called Facemash in the fall of 2003. In brief, Facemash presented the user with two randomly-selected student I.D. photos of women students enrolled in Harvard and then let the user choose which photo was “hotter.” Moreover, Mark’s website quickly went “viral”—in a matter of hours, the site attracted 450 visitors, who had voted on their classmates’ photos at least 22,000 times. You can read more about this fiasco here, via the Harvard Crimson.)

We will thus need several student volunteers for this in-class activity:

Complainant #1 (the role of Leyla Bravo, president of Fuerza Latina, a student organization at Harvard): Your mission, should you decide to accept it, is to deliver a compelling argument to the Ad Board. Specifically, from your perspective, why were the actions of the respondent Mark Zuckerberg wrongful? Did Mr Zuckerberg breach any legal duties to the university or to his fellow students?

Complainant #2 (the role of Kevin Davis, Director of Residential Computing): Your mission is to deliver a compelling argument to the Ad Board. Same as above: from your perspective, why were the actions of the respondent Mark Zuckerberg wrongful? Did Mr Zuckerberg breach any legal duties to the university or to his fellow students?

The Respondent (the role of Mark Zuckerberg, alleged hacker): Your mission is to deliver a compelling argument to the Ad Board in your defense. Did you do anything wrong, and if so, what type of punishment, if any, do you deserve?

The Ad Board: The Class as a whole will play the role of the Harvard Administrative Board. After the parties have made their arguments, the class will deliberate in small groups and will vote to determine what punishment, if any, to impose on the respondent, Mark Zuckerberg.

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What computer language do you speak?

Via the excellent Cliff Pickover, we found this table compiled by Katie Bouwkamp listing “the 9 most in-demand computer programming languages of 2016.” We’re not sure if this table lists the total number of computer programming jobs in the aggregate or just the number of such jobs created in 2016, but it is worth a look:

most-in-demand-programming-languages-2016

Image Credit: Katie Bouwkamp, via the Coding Dojo Blog.

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“Facebook 101”

This summer, we are teaching a large undergraduate course (n = 305) on “the legal and ethical environment of business.” Specifically, we will focus on the founding of Facebook–as depicted in the bestseller “The Accidental Billionaires” by Ben Mezrich–to explore various areas of business law, including such areas as the law of contracts (think of Facebook’s “terms of use”), choice of business entity (think of Facebook’s evolution from a partnership into a Florida limited liability company before incorporating in the State of Delaware), and the ethics of Facebook’s privacy policies. Although we are not big fans of Facebook, we think our focus on the founding of Facebook makes good sense for several reasons. First of all, our target audience consists of undergraduates, most of whom use some form of social media to connect with the wider world, and furthermore, it was a motley crew of college students who ended up creating one of the most successful Internet platforms in the world today (see below). Mark Zuckerberg literally changed the world, so why not learn from his successes … and from his mistakes?

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“Immoral Promises”

imorawerz, via deviant art

That is the title of our most recent work in progress, which we posted here on the Social Science Research Network. As the title suggests, the focus of our paper is on illegal and immoral promises, like the ill-fated partnership between the fictional characters Walter White and Jesse Pinkman in Breaking Bad. (In fact, our paper is meant to be read as a sequel to our previous working paper “Bargaining and Betrayal in Breaking Bad.”) Here is an excerpt:

The proposition that “promises ought to be kept” is one of the most important normative ideas or value judgements in our daily lives. Indeed, the promise principle is also relevant to politics and business transactions. But what about “immoral promises”? That is to say, what about promises that are, legally or morally speaking, malum in se or inherently wrongful, such as bribes, blackmail, murder, etc.? In short, what moral obligations, if any, do immoral or ‘bad’ promises impose? Although many of the greatest thinkers in Western civilization have offered a wide variety of theories to explain the source of promissory obligations, it turns out there is a blind spot in this centuries-old conversation, for few theorists have given the problem of illegal or immoral promises any sustained thought. Nevertheless, illegal or immoral promises should be of theoretical interest to us because such promises may help us delimit the outer boundaries of promissory obligations.

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Science stamps

Royal Mail Inventive Britain stamp set
The Royal Mail (U.K.) has launched a special stamp set in honor of British inventors. The stamps pictured above depict a wide variety of British inventions (moving clockwise, from top-left to bottom-left): the World Wide Web, the world’s first digital computer (Colossus), the i-limb prosthetic hand, the cat’s eye retroreflective road safety device, fiber optics, and DNA sequencing. (Hat tip: Cliff Pickover, via Twitter.)
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Presidential predictor map

Yeah, the Zetan Greys have taken a keen interest in American politics ever since we got the southwest from Mexico...
Posted in Maps, Politics | 2 Comments

Traffic Jam Paradox

Notice how a single car in the video below creates a chain-reaction leading to a traffic jam. Thus the paradox: given driver behavior, what if building more highways (or expanding existing ones) doesn’t result in reductions of traffic jams? Instead, what if more or wider highways just creates more opportunities for more traffic jams?

Posted in Bayesian Reasoning, Science, Traffic | Leave a comment