Information asymmetry (Kremlin edition)

The West has no idea what Russia is willing to do, but Russia knows exactly what the West will – and, more important, will not – do. This has created a dangerous asymmetry, which could spell disaster for the international order that has existed since the end of the Cold War.

This perceptive quotation is from Ivan Krastev’s insightful critique of the free world’s weak and pusillanimous response to Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea. By the way, George Akerlof was the first theorist to model the phenomenon of information asymmetry in his classic 1970 paper The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Although Akerlof’s simple game-theoretic model was designed to explain the effect of quality uncertainty in the market for used cars, the problem of uncertainty (as well as the problem of information asymmetry generally) has many applications in many different and unrelated areas of life, such as the decision in law whether to settle or go to trial (*) … Can you think of any other applications?

Don’t f*** with me!

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Why do consumers still purchase GM cars? *

According to this working paper by professors Susan Helper and Rebecca Henderson in the Harvard Business Review, GM’s market share in the US fell from 62.6% to 19.8% between 1980 and 2009 … In other words, a large fraction of US consumers are still buying GM cars. But why? Do GM-loyal consumers refute the “rational choice” model of economics? As Tyler Cowen noted yesterday in this post on his top-notch Marginal Revolution blog, “The market here is working, but oh so slowly. I would like to see behavioral economics papers on why so many people continued to buy General Motors (and here I mean the standard cars) for as long as they did.”

* By the way, the same question can be asked about Internet users who still rely on Yahoo, Hotmail, or AOL for their email instead of switching to Gmail.  In either case (automobiles or email accounts), do such simple explanations as “path dependence”, brand loyalty, or advertising provide satisfactory answers?

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Thoughts On Northwestern Football Unionization

Should college football players form their own players’ unions? Should they be paid a salary for their services? (If so, how much?) And are student-athletes “employees” as a matter of law? We are reposting the entry below from our friends (and fellow “forty-something professors”) at Cheap Talk because it’s the most insightful post we’ve read thus far on the recent NLRB ruling in the Northwestern football litigation.

jeff's avatarCheap Talk

These are my thoughts and not those of Northwestern University, Northwestern Athletics, the Northwestern football team, nor of the Northwestern football players.
  1. As usual, the emergence of a unionization movement is the symptom of a problem rather than the cause.  Also as usual, a union is likely to only make the problem worse.
  2. From a strategic point of view the NCAA has made a huge blunder in not making a few pre-emptive moves that would have removed all of the political momentum this movement might eventually have.  Few in the general public are ever going to get behind the idea of paying college athletes.  Many however will support the idea of giving college athletes long-term health insurance and guaranteeing scholarships to players who can no longer play due to injury.  Eventually the NCAA will concede on at least those two dimensions.  Waiting to be forced into it by a union…

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Disney theme parks to announce lower ticket prices

It’s about time! Here’s a sneak peek at Mickey’s official announcement …

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Live Piracy Map

Check out this amazing live piracy map generated by the Commercial Crime Services of the International Chamber of Commerce. (Below, for example, is a partial version of the live piracy map from 2011 identifying the location of all piracy incidents during that year.) Given this spatial distribution of piracy, should commercial shipping companies consider joining forces and “paying off” the pirates in exchange for not hijacking their ships? In the alternative, should there be property rights in shipping lanes?

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The tragedy of the outer space commons?

Check out this fascinating paper Earth Orbit Debris: An Economic Model in which the problem of space debris is modeled as a negative externality. What is the optimal number of space satellites, and who decides? Do you believe there are already too many satellites in low-Earth orbit … or too few? Should there be property rights in space orbits?

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Another example of “reciprocal altruism” in nature?

The evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers published his influential theory of reciprocal altruism in 1971 to explain the emergence of cooperation in nature. For his part, Richard Dawkins memorably described Trivers’ theory a few years later in a single sentence–“You scratch my back, I’ll ride yours.” By the way, Prof. Trivers was just a wee grad student in biology when he wrote up his original reciprocal altruism paper, though the basic idea of reciprocity goes back to moral philosopher David Hume’s theory of conventions. (Look it up!)

Now, fast forward to 2014. Tiffany Yannetta recently interviewed Robert Samuel, a “professional line sitter” who lives and works in New York City.  The complete interview, What it’s like to be a professional line sitter, provides a fascinating glimpse into daily life in the City and is definitely worth reading. Here is one excerpt that caught our attention:

Ms Yannetta: What do you do when you have to go to the bathroom?

Mr Samuel: There’s a loyalty between people standing in line—an unspoken code, so to speak. In my experience of doing this, which is a little over a year and half, it’s never been a problem. No one’s going to say, “You move your feet you lose your space.” I just say, I’m going to the bathroom, and find the nearest Starbucks and offer to get them a coffee or something.

Hat tip (yet again): Master of the Internet, Tyler Cowen

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“Do you know … bees have no judges or lawyers?”

This iconoclastic quotation — from the private correspondence of the late great evolutionary biologist W. D. “Bill” Hamilton — appears on page 46 of Nature’s Oracle, Professor Ullica Segerstrale’s masterful biography of the life and work of the man. Professor Hamilton spent most his of life researching one of the great unsolved mysteries of the natural world–social insects. Specifically, why is mutual cooperation, not Hobbesian conflict, the norm in bee colonies? Why are bees (and other social insects like ants and terminates) able to cooperate for the greater good of their hive without a formal legal system? What general lessons can bee colonies teach human societies? These are the kinds of puzzles and problems that fascinated Bill Hamilton throughout his life. This is why he is one of our intellectual heroes …

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A beautiful five-minute film

This film speaks for itself …

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Byzantium = Constantinople = Istanbul

Let’s say you want to rename a large metropolitan city with an ancient and long-established name. By way of example, let’s say you want to rename the historic city of “Constantinople” in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) to “Istanbul”. How would you accomplish this? How would you get people to accept the name change and start using the new name?

You pass a law authorizing the post office to “return to sender” all letters, packages, and other correspondence addressed to the old city name, that’s how. According to this Wikipedia entry for Names of Istanbul:

After the creation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the various alternative names besides İstanbul became obsolete in the Turkish language. With the Turkish Postal Service Law of March 28, 1930, the Turkish authorities officially requested foreigners to cease referring to the city with their traditional non-Turkish names (such as Constantinople, Tsarigrad, etc.) and to adopt Istanbul as the sole name also in their own languages. Letters or packages sent to “Constantinople” instead of “Istanbul” were no longer delivered by Turkey’s Postal Service, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name.

Bonus Question: What about the previous name change from Byzantium to Constantinople? How did the ancient Romans get people to accept and use their new name for this old city?

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